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The terms Neo-Marxian, Post-Marxian, and Radical Political Economics were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic thought in the 1970s and 1980s. Many of the leading figures were associated with the Monthly Review School. In industrial economics, the Neo-Marxian approach stresses the monopolistic rather than the competitive nature of capitalism. This approach is associated with Kalecki, and Baran and Sweezy.〔Baran, P. and Sweezy, P. (1966). '' Monopoly Capital: An essay on the American economic and social order'', Monthly Review Press, New York.〕〔Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler. ''(Capital as power: a study of order and creorder )''. Taylor & Francis, 2009, p. 50.〕 Theorists such as Samuel Bowles,〔Samuel Bowles, "Post-marxian economics: Labour, learning and history", ''Social Science Information'', Volume 24 (3): 507, SAGE – Sep 1, 1985.〕〔Richard D. Wolff and Stephen Cullenberg, "Marxism and Post-Marxism", ''Social Text'' 15 (Fall 1986), 126–135.〕 David Gordon, John Roemer, Herbert Gintis, Jon Elster, and Adam Przeworski have adopted the techniques of neoclassical economics, including game theory and mathematical modeling, to demonstrate Marxian concepts such as exploitation and class conflict.〔Barry Stewart Clark, (''Political economy: a comparative approach'' ), ABC-CLIO, 1998, p. 67.〕 The Neo-Marxian approach integrated non-Marxist or "bourgeois" economics from the Post-Keynesians like Joan Robinson and the Neo-Ricardian school of Piero Sraffa. Polish economists Michał Kalecki, Rosa Luxemburg, Henryk Grossman, Adam Przeworski and Oskar Lange were influential in this school, particularly in developing theories of underconsumption. While most official Communist Parties denounced Neo-Marxian theories as "bourgeois economics", some Neo-Marxians served as advisers to socialist or Third World developing governments. Maurice Dobb despite being an orthodox Marxist economist was also associated with this current. ==Argument== Big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs, advertise and market their products. Competition is generally limited however with a few large capital formations sharing various markets, with the exception of a few actual monopolies (such as the Bell System at the time). The economic surpluses which result cannot be absorbed through consumers spending more. The concentration of the surplus in the hands of the business elite must therefore be geared towards imperialistic and militaristic government tendencies, which is the easiest and surest way to utilise surplus productive capacity. Exploitation focuses on low wage workers and groups at home, especially minorities. Average earners see the pressures in drive for production destroy their human relationships, leading to wider alienation and hostility. The whole system is largely irrational, since though individuals may make rational decisions, the ultimate systemic goals are not. The system continues to function so long as Keynesian full employment policies are pursued, but there is the continued threat to stability from less-developed countries, throwing off the restraints of neo-colonial domination. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Neo-Marxian economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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